The Israel Defense Forces (IDF) reported that during the combat in the mosque overnight, they had killed five militants, among them a well-known local commander.
In the early hours of Wednesday, hundreds of Israeli forces were rushed into the West Bank, supported by armoured personnel vehicles, drones, and helicopters.
They targeted parts of the Jordan Valley, Jenin, the West Bank city, and Tulkarm.
The killing of Mohammed Jaber, also known as Abu Shujaa, in the attack at the Tulkarm mosque was not immediately confirmed by the Palestinians.
Israeli authorities say that Jaber, a commander in the Islamic Jihad militant group in the Nur Shams refugee camp on the outskirts of Tulkarm, was murdered early on Thursday morning in a shootout with Israeli forces after the group had hidden inside the mosque. Four other members of the group also perished in the incident.
Numerous assaults on Israelis, including a fatal gunshot in June, are associated with Jaber.
Prior to his unexpected arrival at the funeral of fellow militants, where he was greeted with heroism, he was reportedly slain earlier this year.