A new study finds that people who interact with AI chatbots for emotional support or personal reasons are more likely to report symptoms of depression or anxiety.
The Study
Researchers from Mass General Brigham surveyed 20,847 mostly white adults in the U.S. about their AI use and mental health. The survey, published Wednesday in JAMA Network Open, asked participants about their AI habits and symptoms like trouble concentrating, sleeping, or eating.
About 10.3% reported using AI daily, while 5% used it multiple times per day. Among daily users, nearly half used AI for work, 11% for school, and 87% for personal purposes, including advice or emotional support.
Who Is Most Affected
The study found that people aged 45 to 64 who used chatbots for personal reasons were more likely to report moderate depression, anxiety, or irritability. Dr. Roy Perlis, a lead author, noted that most AI exposure comes through chatbots.
Men, younger adults, higher earners, highly educated people, and those living in urban areas tended to use AI more often.
AI as Emotional Support
Previous research shows some people turn to AI for emotional or even romantic support. Mental health-specific chatbots may complement therapy, but general-purpose chatbots, like ChatGPT, may worsen symptoms for some users.
The American Psychological Association advises against replacing therapy with AI.
Dose Response Observed
The researchers found a “dose response”: the more frequently someone used AI for personal reasons, the stronger their reported symptoms. Using AI for work or school showed no link to depression or anxiety.
Perlis said, “There’s a subset of people where AI use may worsen mood, sometimes substantially, while others may see no effect or even benefit.”
Caution and Limitations
The study does not prove that AI causes depression or anxiety. People who are already depressed may turn to AI for support, creating a potential vicious cycle.
Experts like Dr. Jodi Halpern of UC Berkeley and Nicholas Jacobson of Dartmouth College emphasize that more research is needed. They note that access to mental health providers is limited, and AI may fill a gap for those seeking help.
Takeaway
Perlis advises users to monitor their AI interactions. People should note how often they use chatbots, what they are using them for, and whether it improves or worsens their mood.
“Be mindful,” he said, “about your interactions and how they affect your well-being.”
